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The long-sought, tortuously negotiated Gaza cease-fire deal<\/a> announced on Wednesday came about in part through a remarkable collaboration between President Biden and President-elect Donald J. Trump, who temporarily put aside mutual animosity to achieve a mutual goal.<\/p>\n The two presidents directed their advisers to work together to push Israel and Hamas over the finish line for an agreement to halt the fighting<\/a> that has ravaged Gaza and release hostages who have been held there for 15 months. The deal is set to start on Sunday, the day before Mr. Biden turns over the White House to Mr. Trump.<\/p>\n Each president had his own interest in settling the matter before Inauguration Day. For Mr. Biden, the deal, if it holds, represents a final vindication on his watch, what he hopes will be the end of the deadliest war in the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict while freeing Americans as well as Israelis from captivity. For Mr. Trump, the deal, for now, takes a major issue off the table as he opens a second term, freeing him to pursue other priorities.<\/p>\n The dramatic development, just five days before the transfer of power in the United States, cut against the natural grain in Washington, where presidents of opposing parties rarely work in tandem during a transition, even in the face of a major crisis. But the political planets quickly returned to their normal orbits as both sides argued over who deserved credit for resolving the standoff.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n While Mr. Biden waited for official word to come from the region, Mr. Trump got the jump on him by disclosing the deal himself in an all-caps social media post. \u201cThis EPIC ceasefire agreement could have only happened as a result of our Historic Victory in November,\u201d he added soon afterward<\/a>.<\/p>\n By the time Mr. Biden appeared before cameras at the White House later in the afternoon, he was more gracious, noting that the two teams spoke with one voice. But he bristled when asked who merited credit, him or Mr. Trump. \u201cIs that a joke?\u201d he asked.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Still, the partnership, awkward and prickly as it was, stood out in an era of deep polarization. \u201cIt really is extraordinary,\u201d said Mara Rudman, who was deputy special envoy for Middle East peace under President Barack Obama. \u201cEverybody\u2019s talking about who gets credit, but the fact is that it\u2019s shared and part of the reason it worked is that it\u2019s shared.\u201d<\/p>\n That was not to say that it would lead to enduring synergy on this or other issues. \u201cThis was a case where the right thing to do aligned with people\u2019s best political interest as well,\u201d said Ms. Rudman, now a scholar at the University of Virginia\u2019s Miller Center.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n However credit is ultimately apportioned, diplomats, officials and analysts said it seemed clear that both presidents had played important roles. The deal that was finally agreed to was essentially the same one that Mr. Biden had put on the table last May and that his envoys, led by Brett H. McGurk, his Middle East coordinator, had worked painstakingly to make acceptable to both sides.<\/p>\n At the same time, Mr. Trump\u2019s impending return to power and his blustery threat, that \u201call hell will break out\u201d if the hostages were not released by the time he was sworn in, clearly changed the calculations of the warring parties. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel, the beneficiary of so much support from Mr. Trump during his first term, could not take for granted that the new president would back him if he prolonged the war during his second term.<\/p>\n Indeed, it was telling that Mr. Netanyahu, who goes by the nickname Bibi, called Mr. Trump first to thank him after the deal was announced and only then called Mr. Biden. In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu emphasized his gratitude to Mr. Trump \u201cfor his remarks that the United States will work with Israel to ensure that Gaza will never be a terrorist haven.\u201d Mr. Biden was not mentioned until the fourth paragraph and only in a single sentence that thanked him \u201cas well\u201d for his assistance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Mr. Trump\u2019s desire to force a deal went beyond his trademark public threats and extended to constructive assistance on the ground. He authorized Steve Witkoff, his longtime friend whom he picked as special envoy for the Middle East, to work with Mr. McGurk<\/a> to press negotiators to finalize the agreement. Mr. McGurk and his team were happy to have the help and use Mr. Witkoff\u2019s support as leverage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n \u201cThis was Biden\u2019s deal,\u201d former Representative Tom Malinowski, Democrat of New Jersey, wrote on social media<\/a>, \u201cbut as much as I hate to say it, he couldn\u2019t have done it without Trump \u2014 not so much Trump\u2019s performative threats to Hamas, but his willingness to tell Bibi bluntly that the war had to end by Jan. 20.\u201d<\/p>\n There were some Republicans who were willing to praise Mr. Biden for his efforts to forge the agreement along with Mr. Trump. \u201cIt is good to see the Biden Administration and Trump Transition working together to get this deal done,\u201d Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina wrote on social media<\/a>.<\/p>\n Few transitions have seen such a moment of intersecting interests. In the throes of the Great Depression, the defeated President Herbert Hoover tried to engage President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt to team up to address a bank crisis, only to be rebuffed by an incoming leader who did not want to be tied to his predecessor.<\/p>\n A more eerily haunting example<\/a> came 44 years ago, when President Jimmy Carter labored until the final hours of his presidency to free 52 American hostages being held in Iran without help from his successor, President-elect Ronald Reagan. In fact, some evidence has emerged suggesting that people around Mr. Reagan tried to discourage Iran from releasing the hostages<\/a> before the election for fear that it would help Mr. Carter, although official investigations never verified that.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Mr. Carter ultimately struck a deal to free the hostages, but in a final insult Iran held back the planes with the Americans onboard until moments after Mr. Reagan was sworn in on Jan. 20, 1981. That memory was not lost on Mr. Biden\u2019s team in recent weeks, especially after Mr. Carter\u2019s death last month. Administration officials and their allies in recent days had been morbidly mulling the possibility of history repeating itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n The coming change in political leadership in the United States was not the only factor driving the negotiations over the war in Gaza. The situation on the ground has changed dramatically since Mr. Biden first offered his cease-fire proposal<\/a> in May.<\/p>\n In the interim, Israel has decapitated the leadership of Hamas, all but demolished its allied militia Hezbollah in Lebanon and taken out key military facilities in Iran. A Biden-brokered cease-fire in Lebanon<\/a> left Hamas without a second front against Israel, further isolating it. And the fall of President Bashar al-Assad<\/a> in Syria only reinforced the weakness of Iran and its allies and proxies.<\/p>\n But the looming Inauguration Day in Washington created a new action-forcing deadline that was hard to ignore. Mr. Trump said little during the campaign about the war, but when he did he made it clear that he was not happy about it and urged Israel to wrap it up as soon as possible because the heart-wrenching pictures of death and destruction in Gaza were damaging Israel\u2019s reputation on the international stage.<\/p>\n Moreover, Mr. Trump\u2019s relationship with Mr. Netanyahu has evolved since his first term, when he presented himself as the Israeli leader\u2019s staunchest ally. Mr. Trump cut aid<\/a> to the Palestinians, moved the U.S. Embassy<\/a> to Jerusalem, recognized Israeli authority over the Golan Heights<\/a> and presided over diplomatic openings<\/a> between Israel and several of its Arab neighbors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n But their ties soured in Mr. Trump\u2019s final year in office when he perceived Mr. Netanyahu to be taking advantage, and they deteriorated even further when the prime minister congratulated Mr. Biden on a victory in the 2020 election that Mr. Trump still denies. Mr. Netanyahu has worked assiduously in recent months to make up with Mr. Trump<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n